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Evolution Korea
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South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. It's still better than expected.
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The country is seeking an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging.
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Origins
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In the early days the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
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Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to join the army or build fortifications.
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Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the period. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their children and grandchildren.
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Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
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Evolution in Korea
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The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves that were lined with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are common throughout the country.
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In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.
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After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
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The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
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As Korea enters a post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand those who support the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
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Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution including illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also highlights the most important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
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Creationism in Korea
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In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in [evolution](https://evolutionkr.kr/). Of those, 41% claimed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
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In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. An increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, when there was a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
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The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.
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KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country.
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One instance of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support needed to build a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
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In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to children in schools and community groups.
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Evolution in South Korea
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In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments.
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Korea's new model of development is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that created the system before the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
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Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
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The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
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His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.
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